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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_v) are essential for the generation of action potentials and for cell excitability. Na_v channels are activated in response to depolarization and selectively allow flow of Na⁺ ions.
To date, nine Nav (A) subunits have been cloned and named Na_v1.1-Na_v1.9. The Na_v channels are classified into two groups according to their sensitivity to Tetrodotoxin (TTX): TTX-sensitive (Na_v1.1, Na_v1.2, Na_v1.3, Na_v1.4, Na_v1.6 and Na_v1.7) and TTX-resistant (Na_v1.5, Na_v1.8 and Na_v1.9). Mammalian sodium channels are heterotrimers, composed of a central, pore-forming (A) subunit and two auxiliary (B) subunits. The expression of the (A) subunit isoform is developmentally regulated and tissue specific.