phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)�is the most commonly-used phorbol ester, primary found as extremely potent tumor promoter. PMA is a reversible activator of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in vivoand in vitro, even at nM concentrations (Cells are usually treated with PMA at 200 nM to induce signaling). PMA promotes the expression of inducible NOS in cultured hepatocytes, activates Ca2+-ATPase pump and potentates forskolin-induced cAMP formation. In some cases PMA inhibits apoptosis induced by the Fas antigen, but induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Activators; PKC Activator
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