Nitrofuran derivatives are used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and protozoa in cattle, pigs, poultry and fish. Several countries including the USA, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and Brazil are reported to have banned all uses of nitrofurans in food producing animals. The ban on nitrofurans was introduced primarily because of concerns about their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Nitrofurans have been detected in food items imported into the European Union, and there is evidence of continued illegal abuse of nitrofurans within the European Union.