Cocaine is a potent psychoactive substance, also known as 'coke' and 'snow' and it is extracted from the leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca(5, 6).Cocaine hydrochloride is a fine powder that may be insufflated (snorted), producing quick absorption and onset of effects. Intravenous use leads to a quick and powerful but brief effect. 'Crack' is a freebase form of cocaine which when smoked produces an immediate 'high', with a more intense euphoria and so has become the choice for many users(2, 5, 7). Cocaine causes severe psychological dependence. In the body, cocaine is rapidly converted to metabolites by enzymatic and chemical processes. The two major urinary metabolites of cocaine are benzoylecgonine (BZG) and ecgonine methyl ester (8). The plasma half-life of cocaine is only 0.7-1.5 hours and its urinary excretion is rapid. There is very little of the parent cocaine molecule excreted in urine (~1-9%). Benzoylecgonine is the primary urinary metabolite, accounting for 30-40% of the dose eliminated in the urine (2, 6, 9).
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