SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. Unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, SUMO modification plays a critical role in a number of cellular functions including nucleocytoplasmic transport, gene expression, cell cycle and formation of subnuclear structures such as promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies. There are three confirmed SUMO isoforms in human; SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3. SUMO2 /3 show a high degree of similarity to each other and are distinct from SUMO1. Individual SUMO family members are all targeted to different proteins with diverse biological functions. SUMO1 is conjugated to RanGAP, PML, p53 and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha to regulate nuclear trafficking, formation of subnuclear structures, regulation of transcriptional activity and protein stability. SUMO1 is encoded as a 101 aa protein and first Met and C-terminal 4 aa are removed from the preprotein.
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